Robert W. Wood; research related to the telescope. By Peter Abrahams. Robert Williams Wood was born 02 May 1868 in Concord, Massachusetts. As a child, he was loaned a five inch refractor, and later wrote 'I was out every clear night. I took no interest in the constellations or their names. This was like analyzing flowers. But I was fascinated by watching the moons of Jupiter as they circled around the planet casting their shadows occasionally on the disk, the craters and mountains on the moon, Saturn's rings, and the nebulae.' (Seabrook p20) Wood received a B.A. in chemistry and natural history from Harvard in 1891. Postgraduate work was at Johns Hopkins with Henry Rowland from autumn 1891 to early 1892, University of Chicago in chemistry from 1892 to 1894, and M.I.T.; work which alternated between bottle washing & education. Wood had almost completed his doctorate in chemistry at Chicago when requirements were changed, and he never earned a PhD. At the University of Berlin 1894 - 1896, he changed his course from chemistry to physics, after which he returned to America via Russia and Siberia. In 1897, he began teaching physics at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, using highly creative demonstration models and much theatricality. Also in 1897, Wood was the first to observe field emission (charged particles emitted from a conductor in an electric field,) now used in the field emission microscope for studying atomic structure. During this time, he devised a novel form of pseudoscope, a binocular optical device that reversed depth perception so that concave objects appeared convex. The total eclipse of 28 May, 1900, was observed by Wood at Pinehurst, North Carolina, with a party from U.S.N.O. Of great interest to Wood was the chromospheric flash spectrum, when the eclipsing sun blocks all but the thinnest crescent of the sun and is viewed through a prism or grating as a spectrum, seen as a series of colored crescents. Later that year in Madison, he developed a laboratory experiment that reproduced aspects of the flash spectrum and verified theories of its origin. (Physical Optics, pp121-123) Further work at UW involved Toepler's method of photographing sound waves in air, where electric sparks produce an acoustic wave, which was reflected off of surfaces that were concave or convex, spheres or aspheres, or the wave was refracted, diffracted, or dispersed. (Physical Optics, pp93-97) Wood developed the geometry of these phenomena and drew hundreds of diagrams, then photographed the drawings with the new motion picture cameras to provide a visualization of optics. These photographs & drawings received wide circulation, and many are provided in 'Physical Optics'. Henry Rowland died in 1901, and Wood moved to Baltimore to begin a full professorship in experimental physics, remaining at Johns Hopkins from 1901 until his retirement in 1938. He delivered three lectures per week on physical optics, worked with graduate students, and was able to devote his career to research, resulting in over 200 scientific publications. Frequent sabbaticals, with half pay from Johns Hopkins, were spent in Europe and at his home laboratory. Wood was the first, in 1901 and 1902, to develop a glass filter that would transmit only ultraviolet light. He photographed landscapes, and especially the moon using his filter, using three minute exposures and finding lunar features that were not apparent in visual light, such as a large area near the crater Aristarchus that is black in UV but barely visible in yellow light. A 3 inch f24 quartz lens, thinly coated with silver, transmitted the desired 3000 A light. The quartz lens was set in a iron stove pipe, attached with cord to a telescope, equatorially mounted using a bicycle frame set in cement with the steering axis directed towards the pole, and equipped with a slow motion device. Many applications of ultraviolet light were pioneered by Wood, UV lamps were sometimes called 'Wood lights', and in France the lamps were known as 'Lumiere Wood'. In 1904, Wood received a grant allowing the construction of a new spectroscope with three flint glass prisms measuring five inches square; mounted in a new laboratory that allowed use of sunlight as a source. He continued his work on the spectrum of sodium vapor, using pure metallic sodium (which provided Wood with a continuous supply of explosives for his endless pranks). The broad bands in the spectrum were resolved as thousands of fine lines by the new apparatus, which led Wood to one of his most important discoveries: very fine lines were observed to disappear and reappear in rapid succession, investigation leading to the new and important field of resonance spectra of molecules, which was inexplicable until Bohr published his theories of molecular energy levels. Also at this time, a simple pinhole 'fish-eye' camera with a 180 degree field was designed & built by Wood (Seabrook p129, Physical Optics p67). A water filled box contained a photographic plate, with an aperture through the box made by coating a glass window with opaque film and removing a tiny area for a pinhole; thus light passed through the glass, the pinhole, and the water, to the plate. Wood also experimented with aerial photography using a camera attached to a kite. He developed infra-red filters and is credited by Seabrook with the first infra-red photographs, in 1908. Wood is remembered primarily for a unique and outstanding textbook, 'Physical Optics', which he completed and published in 1905. A second revised edition in 1911, and a third revision in 1934, expanded the book to 846 pages. A fourth edition remained unfinished at his death. Historical background is found in frequent digressions into the history of his topics. Especially noteworthy is the hands-on experimentalism used to demonstrate theory and ideas. The book includes many of Wood's photographs of sound waves illustrating phenomena of light; and his stereo photos and diagrams illustrate rotary polarization, the motion of electrons, and other difficult visualizations. Page 811 of the third edition mentions that earlier editions contain a chapter 'White Light' with historical background on theories of light. The opposition of Mars in 1909 motivated Wood to remove the six inch f80 lens from his spectroscope and mount it in a siderostat with an eyepiece forty feet distant, where he observed while reclining on a mattress. Wood conducted a series of experiments on liquid mirror reflecting optics for a telescope, and published three papers in 1909 on his attempts to build a functioning astronomical research instrument using mercury for a mirror. A shallow dish seven inches in diameter containing mercury was attached to a motor-driven rotor and placed in an empty barrel to eliminate air currents. To isolate the mirror from motor vibrations, a ring of magnets was attached to the bottom of the basin, and a ring of magnets was attached on top of a wheel driven by the motor, set just underneath the basin so the lower ring of magnets could engage those attached to the basin. Further ripples on the surface of the mercury were found to be from the bearings used on the revolving shaft of the mirror; out-of-level conditions which caused larger waves in the mercury; and the most intractable, variations in angular velocity of the rotating basin. A 20 inch mercury mirror telescope was designed & drawn by Wood, adapted by W. Warner, built by Warner & Swasey, and installed in a hole 15 feet deep, dug on Wood's Easthampton, Long Island country property, to reduce vibrations from city traffic & factories. A building with a hatch cut in the roof was erected over it ('at the bottom of a well beneath an old cow shed with a hole ripped in its roof', Seabrook p138). Another 'well' was dug 6 feet distant, connected at the bottom to the first, to allow access to the mirror. Using a variable speed motor, at 20 rpm the mirror had a 36 inch focal length, and at 12 rpm the focal length was 15 feet. A drive belt made of a quantity of thin rubber cords was found to be simpler & as effective as the magnets. This prototype was successful in eliminating ripples except those caused by the AC motor. Using this telescope, Woods viewed the Milky Way and the Andromeda nebula without an eyepiece, and observed stars using an eyepiece. He could easily resolve double stars with separations as small as 5 arcseconds, and occasionally 3 arcsecond doubles were resolved. These were the first astronomical observations made with a liquid mirror telescope (earlier work by others had produced less effective LMTs). There were moments of sharp seeing, but overall the effect was of a slightly moving or wavering image, with the focus of the image changing periodically. Placing the eye at focus showed ripples on the surface. Wood discovered an unexpected effect, a periodic fluctuation in the focal length of the mirror of plus or minus 2 cm, caused by changes in rotational velocity. To further examine sources of vibration, a 5 inch Clark refractor was mounted at the rim of the pit, pointed at the mercury, and reflected stars were examined. With the motor running, no vibrations were detected; but detectable effects were caused by human footsteps at 50 yards, a horse & carriage at one eighth of a mile, and surf after a storm at one quarter of a mile distance. Wood continued experiments for over a year, made useful improvements to the drive, and placed a 20 inch flat over the aperture and viewed the moon. A vivid description of viewing with this telescope is provided by Wood: 'especially interesting was the slowness with which the velocity of the dish was communicated to the fluid....first at the rim....crawling in gradually from the edge toward the center....The appearance of the room as viewed in the mirror while it is getting up to speed is very striking. The rafters of the roof recede to an enormous height and the whole room appears to expand in a most remarkable manner.' Very precise adjustments were required of the leveling of the rotating basin. If not exactly level, the out of focus image of a star showed a type of coma. Photographs of star trails were used for further diagnostics of the fluctuations in the drive system; instead of the trail being a thin line, it was a series of 1 millimeter blobs with a fine dot between each - this from changes in focal length caused by changes in rotation velocity. Wood cast a resin on top of the mercury, producing a convex paraboloid, and considered replicating the mercury surface and coating the hardened resin with metal. Small mirrors were made with a focal ratio as low as f 0.25. Further research involved layers of castor oil or glycerine on top of the surface to dampen vibrations. These were transparent enough to avoid image degradation and suppressed vibrations after one to three ripple-wavelengths of travel. Wood considered using a very thin layer of mercury on a shaped copper vessel. Successful elimination of all surface waves was never achieved. This, combined with the limits of observation at zenith only, caused Wood to move on to other fields of inquiry. He did not consider the mercury mirror to be successful, but the techniques of driving the mirror without vibration were found to be very effective in reducing errors in dividing engines used to rule gratings. Articles in scientific journals and the popular press brought feedback, welcome and unwelcome, from the world at large. W.H. Pickering visited the telescope; and Wood was offered $50,000 to build a large mercury mirror telescope in Texas, to be used to observe and to signal the planet Mars. In 1911, Wood began working with Edward Pickering at Harvard on objective prism spectroscopic photography to measure the velocity of stars. The prism consisted of a glass cell filled with neodymium liquid, which provided an absoption line in the stellar spectra to use as a reference to the displaced stellar lines. This Wood-Pickering method was widely used in the early 20th century. Also in 1911, Wood bought a 16 inch mirror of 26 foot focus made by John Mellish ('of very good figure'), used for ultraviolet lunar photography at his home, in a fixed mount behind a coelostat he borrowed from the U.S.N.O. In the autumn of 1911, Henry Russell at Princeton allowed Wood to mount his 16 inch mirror at the Princeton Observatory. Harlow Shapley was then a fellow at Princeton and assisted Wood in lunar photography using orange, violet, and ultra-violet filters, the three exposures printed in yellow, red, and blue on a single print for a false color photograph. (Seabrook p162) Wood published an article in 1911 on the use of nickel coatings on glass telescope mirrors, since silver was transparent to the ultraviolet. Using the 16 inch, he experimented with various compositions and thicknesses of coatings, determining that best results were obtained by coating the glass with silver, then immediately immersing for sixty seconds in a nickel solution with a copper anode and a platinum electrode. Nickel deposited by electrolysis forms a sheet that is under great tension and tends to peel; and much effort was expended on obtaining a useable coating. Wood decided he would not use a standard procedure that utilized nickel carbonyl, a deadly gas; but finally used hydrofluoric acid in his work, though his publications contain suitable warnings about its dangers. Later work used another Mellish mirror, of 55 foot focus and 'perfect definition'. In 1916, Wood designed and built a new ultraviolet filter, a glass cell with 'uriol glass' windows filled with bromine vapor. He took it to Mt. Wilson, where Harlow Shapley assisted him in planetary photography using the 60 inch telescope. Jupiter and Saturn were photographed in yellow, violet, and ultraviolet; and UV exposures of Saturn showed a previously unobserved equatorial belt, which was determined to be an inner ring of dust. The two narrowly averted catastrophe when the bromine filled glass cell (cut from a square bottle) was not properly attached and dropped onto the primary mirror, breaking but not damaging the mirror, although the bromine removed an 18 inch area of silver. Mt. Wilson's director informed them that no permanent damage was done, unlike an earlier incident when a wrench fell on the glass and left a large nick in the surface. During WWI, English and French correspondents of Wood were informed of his ideas for technical improvements in warfare, and he advised the U.S. Naval Consulting Board as well. In 1917, he was commissioned as a Major and sent to France to assist scientific efforts. On the ship 'Adriatic' with Wood were other leading scientists including Lyman of Harvard and Trowbridge of Princeton. In France, Wood worked on Paul Langevin's project, projecting ultrasonic waves using piezoelectric quartz plates, to be used in echo location of submarines. Wood communicated the technique in 1918 to Michael Pupin at Columbia U., and pursued the topic with Alfred Loomis in 1927. The many scientist and engineers he worked with during wartime were referred to by Wood as 'sheep in wolves' clothing'. The research in France 'reminded of Gulliver's voyage to the island of Laputa, where crazy scientists were working on crazy problems'. (Seabrook p193) One interesting example: the direction of approach of an aircraft was detected using two widely separated sound amplifying horns, with mirrors at the end of each horn that vibrated from the sound, one mirror reflecting a narrow beam of light to the other mirror and then to a screen, creating a Lissajous pattern from which the aircraft's bearing could be deduced. Wood returned to New York in January, 1918, to continue war research in his own laboratory, where he developed several types of signal lamps. One used a deep red light that could be seen in daylight only with binoculars using special red filters. Another signal lamp used a filter to transmit only ultraviolet light, which could only be detected with a phosphorescent screen. The most successful project was his 'flash telescope' for signaling purposes. The Army Signal Corps was using blinker signal lights that projected a beam too wide for undetected use. The flash telescope had a beam that was less than ten feet wide at a distance of one mile, using a new bulb filled with hydrogen and designed to cool quickly. An eyepiece showed the lamp filament and a magnified view of the target, and the instrument was aimed by bringing the two images into coincidence. The prototype was built by Wood of an iron stovepipe, an automobile light bulb, an achromat from a projection lantern, and an eyepiece. It was taken to Washington by Wood for a demonstration to General Squier of the Signal Corps; and then used at the battle of Seicheprey during a German bombardment, successfully signaling from the front trenches to headquarters five kilometers distant. This was far better performance than earlier signal lamps, and 100 of Wood's 'flash telescopes' were ordered, but not completed until just before armistice. Wood described his flash telescope as 3 inches in aperture, 18 inches focal length, with the 8 volt lamp filament at the focal point; resulting in a projected beam that was 10 feet wide at 2 miles distance, visible using binoculars at a distance of 12 miles in the full sunlight (Physical Optics pp49-50). The earlier signal lamps, using red light and ultraviolet light, were thought highly useful by the Signal Corps in France, and they required these functions be integrated into the flash telescope, greatly delaying production, until war's end made the unit superfluous. However, the UV filter development resulted in new glass types that proved very useful in future research and industry. After the February 1919 Armistice, Wood returned to France and was given a special passport to pursue his idea of collecting instruments used by the various participants in the war. While in England, he learned that the ultraviolet equipment and methods he had communicated to the British Admiralty were used to detect invisible ink, but that the various important parts of the system had never been put together, one part known to only the Navy, the other known only to the Intelligence Department. Wood then toured the battlefields of Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to find German signaling equipment. Wood met Alfred Loomis at Aberdeen Proving Grounds during the war, and later was a neighbor on Long Island with this wealthy amateur scientist, who equipped an elaborate laboratory in an old mansion for Wood's use. Their first experiment was a continuation of Langevin's ultrasonic research, building a 2,000 watt, 50,000 volt generator, driving piezoelectric quartz plates at up to a quarter million cycles per second, in an oil bath and directed towards the surface, raising the surface in a mound two inches high and projecting a fountain of oil droplets 12 inches high. Glass rods partly immersed in the oil and pressed against wood, burnt through the wood. An important product of Wood's post-war work was his accidental discovery of the effect of the earth's magnetic field on the polarization of spectral lines. Polarized sodium emission lines could have their axis of polarization rotated 1,440 degrees with powerful magnets, research which opened a productive science on the magnetic effects on light. In 1928, Loomis & Wood traveled across Europe, visiting the Zeiss Works in Jena, and returning with Charles Vernon Boys, another outstanding 'hands-on' scientists whose sessions with Wood must have been memorable. Two of Wood's eight inch diffraction gratings had replaced glass prisms on the Mt. Wilson 100 inch telescope in 1938, with which Theodore Dunham had discovered ionized titanium vapor in interstellar space as a line superimposed on the spectra of very distant stars. Wood traveled to Pasadena in 1938 and then on to Lowell Observatory for a week with V.M. Slipher, for trials of a slitless star spectrograph with a new type of grating. Wood was also developing a two prism - two grating spectrograph for stellar velocity work, which he described to British audiences later in 1938. In 1939, Wood returned to Mt. Wilson and Lowell Observatory for trials of his new diffraction grating, to be used in front of the objective. With Mt. Wilson's three inch Schmidt camera, of five inches focus, he obtained slitless spectra of the Ring Nebula. In 1941, he returned to California with an 18 inch grating to be used over the objective of Zwicky's supernova discovery instrument, the 18 inch Schmidt of 36 inches focus. (Seabrook p290 & 295) Robert Wood focused his research on physical optics and spectroscopy, the optical properties of gases and vapors in particular, making his most important findings using sodium vapor. He achieved new levels of precision measurements of atomic spectra and discovered many new spectral lines, for example increasing the principal sodium series from eight to forty eight. His work on fluorescent & resonance radiation of vapors, and on the effect of electric & magnetic fields on spectral lines (magnetic rotation & dispersion) was of great importance to contemporary science and the development of the Bohr theory. Henry Rowland had made the best diffraction gratings of his era, and Wood continued and improved his techniques, both to increase precision and to allow quantity production. An 'echelette' of his own design, made by engraving on copper plates, was very influential in the field of far infra-red spectroscopy. A highly orignal application of diffraction gratings, to produce color photography, was invented by Wood: three gratings of three different line spacings are placed in front of the imaging lens in succession to create an image in three colors on three exposures, which are combined in a print for a color photograph. Wood was consulted on detection methods and advised various criminal investigations, and during the two World Wars he made contributions to technical warfare. A significant source of income was legal consulting in technical matters. After 1920, Wood conducted research into ultrasound and the biological effects of ultrasonic waves. He developed inventions in various fields, including the frosted glass light bulb, a method of thawing street mains by passing an electric current through them, and the Vienna method of detecting forged documents. He was apparently also the first person to show animated films. Many of his inventions were never developed into practical devices. Wood's methods of research typically involved little or no mathematics, which he found boring, and he usually presented his findings as text and especially pictures. His laboratories were equipped with instruments of scrap metal & lumber, parts from machinery & bicycles, and cast offs. His teaching methods were based on showmanship and spectacular lecture effects. Seabrook's biography is filled with accounts of pranks, hoaxes, and incidents involving explosions or flame; distractions caused by Wood's attention to women; and hints of a Prohibition-era distillation recipe. Wood was a member of the Royal Society, London Optical Society, Accademia dei Lincei of Rome, the American Physical Society, and National Academy of Sciences (among other organizations). University of Berlin granted him an honorary PhD in 1931. He retired in 1938 but continued active research work, and died 11 August, 1955, in Long Island, NY. =============================================== Bibliography: Barran, Michel. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Wood.html Dieke, G.H. Wood, Robert. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 2 (1956) 327-345. Ingalls, Albert, ed. Amateur Telescope Making. Volume 1, 4th ed. N.Y., Scientific American, 1967. (p320, liquid mirror telescope) Lindsay, R.B. Wood, Robert Williams. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Gillispie, ed. New York: Scribner, 1970--. Seabrook, William. Doctor Wood: Modern Wizard of the Laboratory. N.Y.: Harcourt, Brace, 1941. 335pp. Wood, R.W. The Mercury Paraboloid as a Reflecting Telescope. Astrophysical Journal 29 (1909) 164-176. Wood, R.W. The Mercury Telescope. Scientific American 100 (March 27, 1909) 240-241. Wood, R.W. Nickel Deposits on Glass Mirrors for Ultra-Violet Photography. Astrophysical Journal 42 (1915) 365-369. Wood, R.W. Nickeled Glass Reflectors for Celestial Photography. Astrophysical Journal 34 (1911) 404-409. Wood, R.W. Physical Optics. New York: Macmillan Company, 1905. 2nd edition, 1911. 3rd edition, 1934. 4th edition not completed after Wood's death. Wood, R.W. The Problem of the Daylight Observation of the Corona. Astrophysical Journal 12 (1901) 281. =============================================== Chronological list of selected publications to 1941 by Robert W. Wood. Based on sources including Lindsay, D.S.B. entry; Seabrook, 'Doctor Wood'; and Wood, 'Physical Optics'. Many footnotes in Physical Optics refer to additional publications. ------------ Apparatus for Rapid and Prolonged Washing of Precipitates. Journal of Analytic Chemistry 4:4 (1890). Combustion of Gas Jets Under Pressure. American Journal of Science 41 (1891) 477. The Effects of Pressure on Ice. American Journal of Science 41 (1891) 30-33. The Action of Salts on Acids. American Chemical Journal 15 (1893) 663. The Affinity Constants of Weak Acids and the Hydrolysis of Salts. American Chemical Journal 16 (1894) 313. Eine einfache Methode, die Dauer von Torsionsschwingungen zu bestimmen. Wiedemann's Annalen der Physik und Chemie 56 (1895) 171. Demonstration of Caustics. American Journal of Science 50 (1895) 301. On the Dissociation Degree of Some Electrolytes at 0 Degrees. Philosophical Magazine 41 (1896) 117; Zeitschrift fuer physikalische Chemie 18 (1895) 521. The Duration of the Flash of Exploding Oxyhydrogen. Philosophical Magazine 41 (1895) 120. A Duplex Mercurial Air-Pump. Philosophical Magazine 41 (1896) 387; Wiedemann's Annalen der Physik und Chemie 58 (1896) 206. Note on "Focus Tubes" for Producing X-rays. Philosophical Magazine 41 (1896) 382. Ueber eine neue Form der Quecksilbe luftpumpe und die Erhaltung eines guten Vacuums bei Rontgen'schen Versuchen. Wiedemann's Annalen der Physik und Chemie 58 (1896) 205. On the Absorption Spectrum of Solutions of Iodine and Bromine Above the Critical Temperature. Philosophical Magazine 41 (1896) 423; Zeitschrift fuer physikalische Chemie 19 (1896) 689. Experimental Determination of the Temperature in Geissler Tubes. Physical Review 4 (1896) 191; Wiedemann's Annalen der Physik und Chemie 59 (1896) 238. The X-ray Arc. Electrician 38 (1896) pp289, 371. Lecture-Room Demonstration of Orbits of Bodies Under the Action of a Central Attraction. Physical Review 4 (1896) 413. Demonstration of the Doppler Effect. Physical Review 4 (1896) 504. A New Form of Cathode Discharge and the Production of X-rays, Together with Some Notes on Diffraction. Physical Review 5 (1897) 1. Apparatus for Illustrating Potential Gradient. Physical Review 6 (1898) 164. Apparatus for Showing the Conductivity of Gases. Physical Review 6 (1898) 165. Phase-Reversal Zone-Plates and Diffraction Telescope. Philosophical Magazine 45 (June 1898) 511-522. Equilibrium Figures Formed by Floating Magnets. Philosophical Magazine 46 (1898) 162. The Anomalous Dispersion of Cyanin. Philosophical Magazine 46 (1898) 380. Some Experiments on Artificial Mirages and Tornadoes. Philosophical Magazine 47 (1899) 349. An Application of the Diffraction Grating to Colour Photography. Philosophical Magazine 47 (1899) 368. Photography of Sound Waves by the "Schlieren Methode." Philosophical Magazine 48 (August 1899) 218. Dark Lightning. Nature, Sept. 14, 1899, p460. Diffraction Process of Color Photography. Science 9 (1899) 859; Photographic Journal 24 (1900) 256; Jour. Soc. Arts. (1900) 285. On the Cause of Dark Lightning and the Clayden Effect. Journal of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, Nov. 8, 1899, p69. Zone Plate Photography. Photographic Journal 24 (1900) 248. Photography of Sound Waves. Photographic Journal 24 (1900) 250. An Application of the Method of Striae to the Illumination of Objects Under the Microscope. Philosophical Magazine 50 (1900) 347. The Photography of Sound Waves and the Demonstration of the Evolutions of Reflected Wave Fronts with the Cinematograph. Philosophical Magazine 50 (July 1900) 148; Smithsonian Report for 1900 (1901) 359; Chemical News 81 (1900) 103; Proceedings of the Royal Society A 66 (1900) 283. Artificial Representation of a Total Solar Eclipse. Nature 63 (1901) 250; Science 13 (1901) 65. Vortex Rings. Nature 63 (1901) 418. Pseudoscopic Vision Without a Pseudoscope. Nature 64 (1901) 351; Science 14 (1901) 185. The Anomalous Dispersion of Cyanin (with C. E. Magnusson). Philosophical Magazine 1 (1901) 36. The Problem of the Daylight Observation of the Corona. Astrophysical Journal 12 (1901) 281. (polarization) The Nature of the Solar Corona. Astrophysical Journal 13 (1901) 68. The Anomalous Dispersion of Carbon. Philosophical Magazine 1 (1901) 405. On the Propagation of Cusped Waves and Their Relation to the Primary and Secondary Focal Lines. Philosophical Magazine 1 (1901) 589. On the Production of a Bright-Line Spectrum by Anomalous Dispersion and Its Application to the "Flash-Spectrum." Philosophical Magazine 1 (1901) 551; Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 16 (1901) 394; Astrophysical Journal 13 (1901) 63. On Cyanine Prisms and a New Method of Exhibiting Anomalous Dispersion. Philosophical Magazine 1 (1901) 624. A Mica Echelon Grating. Philosophical Magazine 1 (1901) 627. Anomalous Dispersion of Sodium Vapour. Proceedings of the Royal Society 69 (1901) 157. On the Fluorescence and Absorption Spectrum of Sodium Vapour. Philosophical Magazine 3 (1902) 359. A Suspected Case of Resonance of Minute Metallic Particles for Light Waves. Philosophical Magazine 3 (1902) 396. Surface Colour. Physical Review 14 (1902) 315. Prisms and Plates for Showing Dichromatism. Physical Review 15 (1902) 121. The Invisibility of Transparent Objects. Physical Review 15 (1902) 123-124. Absorption, Dispersion, and Surface Colour of Selenium. Philosophical Magazine 3 (1902) 607. Production of a Magnetic Field by a Flight of Charged Particles. Philosophical Magazine 3 (1902) 659. Cooling of Gases by Expansion. Science 16 (1902) 592. The Kinetic Theory of the Expansion of Compressing Gas into a Vacuum. Science 16 (1902) 909. On a Remarkable Case of Uneven Distribution of Light in a Diffraction Grating Spectrum. Philosophical Magazine 4 (1902) 396. On the Electrical Resonance of Metal Particles for Light Waves. Second Communication. Philosophical Magazine 4 (1902) 425; Physikalische Zeitschrift 4 (1903) 338. The Clayden Effect and the Reversal of Spectrum Lines. Philosophical Magazine 4 (1902) 606. Screens Transparent Only to Ultra-Violet Light and Their Use in Spectrum Photography. Philosophical Magazine 5 (1903) 257; Physikalische Zeitschrift 4 (1903) 337; Astrophys. Jour. 17 (1903) 133. Photographic Reversals in Spectrum Photographs. Astrophysical Journal 17 (1903), 361-372. ('dark lightning', Clayden reversal on photographic plate) On the Anomalous, Dispersion, Absorption and Surface Colour of Nitrosodimethyl Aniline with a Note on the Dispersion of Toluine. Philosophical Magazine 6 (1903) 96; Records of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 39 (1903) 51. Electrical Resonance of Metal Particles for Light Waves. Third Communication. Philosophical Magazine 6 (1903) 259. Fluorescence and Absorption Spectra of Sodium Vapour (with J. H. Moore). Philosophical Magazine 6 (1903) 362; Astrophysical Journal 18 (1903) 94. Some New Cases of Interference and Diffraction. Philosophical Magazine 8 (1904) 376. The Achromatization of Approximately Monochromatic Interference Fringes by a Highly Dispersive Medium, and the Consequent Increase in the Allowable Path- difference (Lord Rayleigh, addendum). Philosophical Magazine 8 (September 1904) 324. Scintillations of Radium. Science 19 (1904) 195. The N Rays. (Letter exposing delusion). Nature 70 (1904) 530. A Quantitative Determination of the Anomalous Dispersion of Sodium Vapour in the Visible and Ultra-Violet Regions. Philosophical Magazine 8 (September 1904) 293; Physikalische Zeitschrift 5 (1904) 751; Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 40 (1904) 365. Apparatus to Illustrate the Pressure of Sound Waves. Physical Review 20 (1905) 113-114; Physikalische Zeitschrift 6 (1905) 22. Intensity of Grating Spectra. Astrophysical Journal 21 (1905) 173; Physikalische Zeitschrift 6 (1905) 238. The Magnetic Rotation of Sodium Vapor (H. W. Springsteen, co-author). Physical Review 21 (1905) 41. The Scintillations Produced by Radium. Philosophical Magazine 10 (1905) 427. The Magneto-Optics of Sodium Vapour and the Rotatory Dispersion Formula. Philosophical Magazine 10 (1905) 408. The Fluorescence of Sodium Vapour and the Resonance Radiation of Electrons. Philosophical Magazine 10 (1905) 513. Anomalous Dispersion of the Magnetic Rotation of the Plane of Polarization. Philosophical Magazine 10 (1905) 725; Physikalische Zeitschrift 6 (1905) 416. Review: The Meteorological Optics of Prof. J. M. Pernter. Monthly Weather Review, 1906. Fluorescence and Magnetic Rotation Spectra of Sodium Vapor, and Their Analysis. Philosophical Magazine 12 (1906) 499; Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 42 (1906) 235. Fluorescence and Lambert's Law. Philosophical Magazine 11 (1906), 782. Interference Colours of Chlorate of Potash Crystals and a New Method of Isolating Heat Waves. Philosophical Magazine 12 (1906), 67. Fish-Eye Views and Vision Under Water. Philosophical Magazine 12 (August 1906), 159. ('Fish-eye' camera also published in Literary Digest, Illustrated London News, and other scienctific journals) Bemerkung uber die Selbstumkehrung der Wasserstofflinien. Physikalische Zeitschrift, 7 (1906), 926. Fluorescence, Magnetic Rotation and Temperature Emission Spectra of Iodine Vapour. Philosophical Magazine 12 (1906) 329. The Intensification of Glass Diffraction Gratings and the Diffraction Process of Colour Photography. Philosophical Magazine 12 (December 1906) 585. Abnormal Polarization and Colour of Light Scattered by Small Absorbing Particles. Philosophical Magazine 12 (1906), 147. Atlas of Absorption Spectra (H. S. Uhler, co-author). Carnegie Institution Publication 71 (1907). Eine Interferenz methode zur Auffindung von Gesetzmaessigkeiten in linienreichen Spektren. Physikalische Zeitschrift 8 (1907) 607. Die Temperaturstrahlung des Joddampfes. Physikalische Zeitschrift 8 (1907). Ein einfaches Wassergeblaese zum Betriebe von Geblaeselampen. Physikalische Zeitschrift 8 (1907) 517. A Simple Treatment of the Secondary Maxima of Grating Spectra. Philosophical Magazine 14 (1907) 477. Modification in the Appearance and Position of an Absorption Band Resulting from the Presence of a Foreign Gas. Astrophysical Journal 26 (1907) 41. The Magnetic Rotation of Sodium Vapour at the D Lines. Philosophical Magazine 14 (1907) 145. A Hydraulic Analogy of Radiating Bodies for Illustrating the Luminosity of the Welsbach Mantle. Physical Review 24 (1907) 436; Nature 75 (1907) 558. Note on the Photography of Very Faint Spectra. Astrophysical Journal 27 (1908) 379. (Pre-exposing plate) Polarized Fluorescence of Metallic Vapors and the Solar Corona. Astrophysical Journal 28 (1908) 75. Anomalous Magnetic Rotatory Dispersion of Neodymium. Philosophical Magazine 15 (1908) 270. On the Existence of Positive Electrons in the Sodium Atom. Philosophical Magazine 15 (1908) 274. The Resonance Spectra of Sodium Vapour. Philosophical Magazine 15 (1908) 581. On the Emission of Polarized Light by Fluorescent Gases. Philosophical Magazine 16 (1908) 184. On a Method of Showing Fluorescent Absorption Directly if It Exists. Philosophical Magazine 16 (1908) 940. An Extension of the Principal Series of the Sodium Spectrum. Philosophical Magazine 16 (1908) 945. The Fluorescence and Magnetic Rotation Spectra of Potassium Vapor. (T. S. Carter, co-author). Physical Review 27 (1908) 107. New York Times, section 2, page 1. 27 August, 1908. "A New Idea for Reading the Stars. Wood of Johns Hopkins at East Hampton Working on a Telescope that isn't a Telescope with a Lens that isn't a Lens." Baltimore Sun, front page. 11 April, 1909. "New Telescope May Solve the Riddle of the Universe! Is Mars Inhabited? Mercury Reflector Invented by Baltimore Genius to Bring the Moon Within a Few Miles of the Earth." The Mercury Telescope. Scientific American. March 27, 1909. pp240-241. The Mercury Paraboloid as a Reflecting Telescope. Astrophysical Journal 29 (1909) 164. The Damping of Mercury Waves. Philosophical Magazine 18 (1909) 194. (Equatorial telescope mount using bicycle frame.) English Mechanic, 12 November 1909. The Resonance and Magnetic Rotation Spectra of Sodium Vapor Photographed with the Concave Grating, (F. E. Hackett, co-author). Astrophysical Journal 30 (1909) 339. The Complete Principal Series in the Sodium Spectrum. Astrophysical Journal 29 (1909) 97. The Selective Reflexion of Monochromatic Light by Mercury Vapor. Philosophical Magazine 18 (1909) 187. The Absorption, Fluorescence, Magnetic Rotation and Anomalous Dispersion of Mercury Vapour. Philosophical Magazine 18 (1909) 240. On the Flow of Energy in a System of Interference Fringes. Philosophical Magazine 18 (1909) 250. The Ultra-violet Absorption, Fluorescence, and Magnetic Rotation of Sodium Vapour. Philosophical Magazine 18 (1909) 530. High Purity Interference Phenomena of Chlorate of Potash Crystals. Philosophical Magazine 18 (1909), 535. Talbot's Fringes and the Echelon Grating. Philosophical Magazine 18 (1909) 758. Note on the Theory of the Greenhouse. Philosophical Magazine 17 (1909) 319. The Ultra-violet Absorption Spectra of Certain Metallic Vapors and Their Mixtures. (D. V. Guthrie, co-author) Astrophysical Journal 29 (1909) 211. The Moon in Ultra-violet Light, and Spectro-selenography. Popular Astronomy, #172 (1910); Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society 70 (1919) 226. (Instrument described in English Mechanic, Nov. 12, 1909) Lichtschwebungen und Dopplereffekt. Physikalische Zeitschrift 11 (1910) 503, 671, 851. Optische Taeuschungen und doppelte Umkehrung von Spektrallinien. Physikalische Zeitschrift 11 (1910) 822. Determination of Stellar Velocities with the Objective Prism. Astrophysical Journal 31 (1910) 376-377. Additional Notes on Radial Velocities with Objective Prism. Astrophysical Journal 31 (1910), 460. Determination of Absolute Wavelengths with Objective Prisms. (E. C. Pickering, co-author) Harvard College Observatory Circular 154 (1910). The Cathode-Ray Fluorescence of Sodium Vapor. (R. H. Galt, co-author) Astrophysical Journal 33 (1911) 72. Nickeled Glass Reflectors for Celestial Photography. Astrophysical Journal 34 (1911) 404-409. A New Radiant Emission from the Spark. Philosophical Magazine 20 (1910) 707; Physikalische Zeitschrift 11 (1910) 823. Some Experiments on Refraction by Non-homogeneous Media. Philosophical Magazine 20 (1910) 712. The Echelette Grating for the Infra-red. Philosophical Magazine 20 (1910) 770- 778. Groove-Form and Energy Distribution of Diffraction Gratings. (Augustus Trowbridge, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 20 (1910) 886. Note on Infra-red Investigations with the Echelette Grating. (Augustus Trowbridge, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 20 (1910) 898. Focal Isolation of Long Heat-Waves. (H. Rubens, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 21 (1911) 249. Recent Experiments with Invisible Light. 11 May, 1911. Friday Evening Discourse. Royal Institution Great Britain (1911) 1. The Resonance Spectra of Iodine. Philosophical Magazine 21 (1911) 261. Transformation of a Resonance Spectrum into a Band Spectrum by Presence of Helium (J. Franck, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 21 (1911) 265. The Destruction of the Fluorescence of Iodine and Bromine Vapour by Other Gases. Philosophical Magazine 21 (1911) 309. The Influence upon the Fluorescence of Iodine and Mercury of Gases with Different Affinities for Electrons (J. Franck, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 21 (1911) 314. The Resonance Spectra of Iodine Vapour and Their Destruction by Gases of the Helium Group. Philosophical Magazine 22 (1911) 469. Diffraction Gratings with Controlled Groove Form and Abnormal Distribution of Intensity. Philosophical Magazine 23 (1912) 310; Physikalische Zeitschrift 13 (1912) 261. Selective Reflexion, Scattering and Absorption by Resonating Gas Molecules. Philosophical Magazine 23 (1912) 689; Physikalische Zeitschrift 13 (1912) 353. Preliminary Note on the Electron Atmospheres of Metals. Philosophical Magazine 24 (1912) 316. Resonance Spectra of Iodine by Multiplex Excitation. Philosophical Magazine 24 (1912) 673; Physikalische Zeitschrift 14 (1913) 177. Kritische Bermerkung zu der Arbeit des Herrn Steubing ueber die strahlende Emission seitens des Funken. Physikalische Zeitschrift 13 (1912) 32. Selective Absorption of Light on the Moon's Surface and Lunar Petrography. Astrophysical Journal 36 (1912) 75-84. Method of Obtaining Very Narrow Absorption Lines for Investigations in Magnetic Fields. (P. Zeeman, co-author) Physikalische Zeitschrift 14 (1913) 405. On the Imprisonment of Radiation by Total Reflexion. Philosophical Magazine 25 (1913) 449; Physikalische Zeitschrift 14 (1913) 270. The Selective Dispersion of Mercury Vapour at the 2536 Absorption Line. Philosophical Magazine 25 (1913) 433; Physikalische Zeitschrift 14 (1913) 191. Resonance Experiments with the Longest Heat-Waves. Philosophical Magazine 25 (1913) 440; Physikalische Zeitschrift 14 (1913) 189. The Satellites of the Mercury Lines. Philosophical Magazine 25 (1913) 443; Physikalische Zeitschrift 14 (1913) 273. On the Use of the Interferometer for the Study of Band Spectra. Philosophical Magazine 26 (1913) 176. Resonance Spectra of Iodine Under High Dispersion. Philosophical Magazine 26 (1913) 828; Physikalische Zeitschrift 14 (1913) 1189. Polarisation of the Light of Resonance Spectra. Philosophical Magazine 26 (1913) 846; Physikalische Zeitschrift 14 (1913) 1200. Researches in physical optics; with especial reference to the radiation of electrons. New York: Columbia University Press, 1913-19. 2 volumes. Series: Publication of the Ernest Kempton Adams Fund for Physical Research #6. Ratio of the Intensities of the D-Lines of Sodium. Physikalische Zeitschrift 15 (1914) 382. Photometric Investigation of the Superficial Resonance of Sodium Vapour. (L. Dunoyer, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 27 (1914) 1025. Photometric Study of the Fluorescence of Iodine. (W. P. Speas, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 27 (1914) 531; Physikalische Zeitschrift 15 (1914) 317. Separation of Close Spectrum Lines for Monochromatic Illumination. Philosophical Magazine 27 (1914) 524; Physikalische Zeitschrift 15 (1914) 313. Intense Sodium Flame. Philosophical Magazine 27 (1914) 530. Radiation of Gas Molecules Excited by Light. Proceedings of the London Physical Society 26 (1914) 185. Fluorescence of Gases Excited by Ultra Schumann Waves. (G. A. Hemsalech, co- author) Philosophical Magazine 27 (1914) 899. The Separate Excitation of the Centers of Emission of the D-Lines of Sodium. (L. Dunoyer, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 27 (1914) 1018. Magneto-Optics of Iodine Vapour. (G. Ribaud, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 27 (1914) 1009; Physikalische Zeitschrift 15 (1915) 650; Journal de Physics 4 (1914) 378. Experimental Determination of the Law of Reflexion of Gas Molecules. Philosophical Magazine 30 (1915) 300. The Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields on the Emission Lines of Solids. (C. E. Mendanhall, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 30 (1915) 316. Nickel Deposits on Glass Mirrors for Ultra-Violet Photography. Astrophysical Journal 42 (1915) 365-369. Further Study of the Fluorescence Produced by Ultra-Schumann Rays. (C. F. Meyer, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 30 (1915) 449. Principal Series of Sodium. (R. Fortrat, co-author) Astrophysical Journal 43 (1916) 72. Monochromatic Photographs of Jupiter and Saturn. Astrophysical Journal 43 (1916), 310-319. Scattering and Regular Reflection of Light by an Absorbing Gas. (M. Kimura, co- author) Philosophical Magazine 32 (1916) 329. Condensation and Reflection of Gas Molecules. Philosophical Magazine 32 (1916) 364. lonising Potential of Sodium Vapour. (S. Okano, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 34 (1917) 177. Band and Line Spectra of Iodine. (M. Kimura, co-author) Astrophysical Journal 46 (1917) 181. Zeeman-effect for Complex Lines of Iodine. (M. Kimura, co-author) Astrophys. Jour. 46 (1917). 197. Resonance Spectra of Iodine. Philosophical Magazine 35 (1918) 236. Series Law of Resonance Spectra. (M. Kimura, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 35 (1918) 252. Scattering of Light by Air Molecules. Philosophical Magazine 36 (1918) 272. Ultra-Violet Light of High Intensity as Beacons and for Secret Signals in War- time. Journal de Physics (Paris) 9 (1919) 77. de Watteville. (Instrument by Wood for timing the interval between electric contact and cartridge fire for an aircraft machine gun, to allow fire through a propeller) Journal de Physics (Paris) 9 (1919) 77. Invisible Light in Warfare. Proceedings of the London Physical Society 31 (1919) 232. Resonance Radiation of Sodium Vapour Excited by One of the D-Lines. (F. L. Mohler, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 37 (1919) 456; Physical Review 11 (1918), 70. Optical Properties of Homogeneous and Granular Films of Sodium and Potassium. Philosophical Magazine 38 (1919) 98. Light Scattering by Air and the Blue Colour of the Sky. Philosophical Magazine 39 (1920) 423. Extension of the Balmer Series of Hydrogen, and Spectroscopic Phenomena of Very Long Vacuum Tubes. Proceedings of the Royal Society 97 (1920) 455. The Fluorescence of Mercury Vapor. (J. S. van der Lingen, co-author) Astrophysical Journal 54 (1921) 149. The Time Interval Between Absorption and Emission of Light in Fluorescence. Proceedings of the Royal Society 99 (1921) 362. On Hydrogen Spectra from Long Vacuum Tubes. Philosophical Magazine 42 (1921) 729. Fluorescence and Photochemistry. Philosophical Magazine 43 (1922) 757. Atomic Hydrogen and the Balmer Series Spectrum. Philosophical Magazine 44 (1922) 538. Selective Reflection Of Lambda 2536 by Mercury Vapour. Philosophical Magazine 44 (1922) 1105. Polarised Resonance Radiation of Mercury Vapour. Philosophical Magazine 44 (1922) 1107. Spontaneous Incandescence of Substances in Atomic Hydrogen Gas. Proceedings of the Royal Society 102 (1922) 1. Destruction of the Polarisation of Resonance Radiation by Weak Magnetic Fields. (A. Ellett, co-author) Nature 111 (1923) 255. On the Influence of Magnetic Fields on the Polarisation of Resonance Radiation. (A. Ellett, co-author) Proceedings of the Royal Society A 103 (1923) 396. Vacuum Grating Spectrograph and the Zinc Spectrum. Philosophical Magazine 46 (1923) 741. Dialysis of Small Volumes of Liquid. The Lily-pad Dialyser. Journal of Physical Chemistry 27 (1923) 565. Controlled Orbital Transfers of Electrons in Optically Excited Mercury Atoms. Proceedings of the Royal Society 106 A (1924) 679. An Experimental Study of Grating Errors and "Ghosts." Philosophical Magazine 48 (1924) 497. Polarised Resonance Radiation in Weak Magnetic Fields. (A. Ellett, co-author) Physical Review 24 (1924) 243. Fine Structure, Absorption and Zeeman Effect of the 2536 Mercury Line. Philosophical Magazine 50 (1925) 761; Nature, 115 (1925) 461. Optical Excitation of the Mercury Spectrum. Philosophical Magazine 50 (1925) 774. Improved Grating for Vacuum Spectrographs. (Theodore Lyman, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 2 (1926) 310. Structure of Cadmium and Zinc Resonance Lines. Philosophical Magazine 2 (1926) 611. Self-Reversal of the Red Hydrogen Line. Philosophical Magazine 2 (1926) 876. Optical Excitation of Mercury with Controlled Radiating States and Forbidden Lines. Philosophical Magazine 4 (1927) 466. The Physical and Biological Effects of High Frequency Sound Waves of Great Intensity. (A. L. Loomis, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 4 (1927) 417-436. Variation of Intensity Ratios of Optically Excited Spectrum Lines with the Intensity of the Exciting Light. Nature 120 (1927)725. Spectra of High-frequency Discharges in Super-vacuum Tubes. (A. L. Loomis, co- author) Nature 120 (1927) 510. Rotational Structure of the Blue-Green Bands of Na2. (F. W. Loomis, co-author). Physical Review 31 (1928) 1126, 32 (1928) 223. Optically Excited Iodine Bands with Alternate Missing Lines. (F. W. Loomis, co- author). Philosophical Magazine 6 (1928) 231; Physical Review 31 (1928) 705; Nature 121 (1928) 283. Fluorescence of Mercury Vapour. (V. Voss, co-author) Nature 121 (1928) 418; Proceedings of the Royal Society 119 (1928) 698. Factors Which Determine the Occurrence of the "Green-Ray." Nature 121 (1928) 501. Factors Governing the Appearance of the "Forbidden Line" 2656. (E. Gaviola, co- author). Philosophical Magazine 6 (1928) 271. Wave-length Shifts in Scattered Light. Nature 122 (1928) 349. The Fluorescence Spectrum of Sodium Vapor in the Vicinity of the D Lines. (E. L. Kinsey, co-author) Physical Review 31 (1928) 793. New Effects in the Optical Excitation of Vapours. Journal of the Franklin Institute 205 (1928) 481. Anti-Stokes Radiation of Fluorescent Liquids. Philosophical Magazine 6 (1928) 310. Power Relation of the Intensities of the Lines in the Optical Excitation of Mercury. (E. Gaviola, co-author) Philosophical Magazine 6 (1928) 352. Raman Spectra of Scattered Radiation. Philosophical Magazine 6 (1928) 729. Photosensitised Band Fluorescence of OH, HgH, NH, H2O and NH3 Molecules (E. Gaviola, co-author). Philosophical Magazine 6 (1928) 1191; Physical Review 31 (1928) 1109. Raman Lines Under High Dispersion. Philosophical Magazine 6 (1928) 1282. Excitation of the Raman Effect. Journal of the Franklin Institute 208 (1929) 617. Raman Effect in Gases 1: HCl and NH3. Philosophical Magazine 7 (1929) 744; Nature 123 (1929) 166, 279. Raman Effect by Helium Excitation. Philosophical Magazine 7 (1929) 858. Chromium Echelette Gratings for Infra-Red. Philosophical Magazine 7 (1929) 742. Ozone Absorption During Long Arctic Night. Nature 123 (1929) 644. Densitometer Curves of the Green Mercury Line. Philosophical Magazine 8 (1929) 205. Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. Part 2, Excitation of Raman Spectra. Transactions of the Faraday Society 25 (1929) 792. Spectra of High Frequency Discharge in 02 and CO. Philosophical Magazine 8 (1929) 207. Raman Lines of Mercury in Arc Improbable. (Critique) Nature 125 (1930) 464. Plasmoidal H. F. Oscillatory Discharges in "Non-Conducting" Vacua. Physical Review 35 (1930) 673. Raman Effect in HCl Gas. (G. H. Dieke, co-author) Physical Review 35 (1930) 1355. Improved Technique for the Raman Effect. Physical Review 33 (1929) 294; 36 (1930) 1421. Raman Spectra of Benzene and Diphenyl. Physical Review 36 (1930) 1431. Ball Lightning. Nature 126 (1930) 723. Stereophotographic Models of Electron Motion in Stark Effect. Physical Review 38 (1931) 346. Selective Thermal Radiation of Coloured and Pure Fused Quartz. (Neodymium) Physical Review 38 (1931) 487. Nuclear Spin of Potassium. (F. W. Loomis, co-author) Physical Review 38 (1931) 854. Absorption Spectra of Salts in Liquid Ammonia. Physical Review 38 (1931) 1648. Raman Effect for Benzene Substitution Products. Physical Review 38 (1931) 2168. Analysis of Complicated Band Spectra with the Aid of Magnetic Rotation Spectra. Nature 128 (1931) 545. Raman Spectra of a Series of Normal Alcohols and Other Compounds. (G. Collins, co-author) Physical Review 42 (1932) 386. Remarkable Optical Properties of the Alkali Metals. Physical Review 44 (1933) 353, 43 (1933) 779, 1052. Influence of Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide upon the Absorption Spectrum of Mercury Vapor. (H. W. Straub, co-author) Physical Review 44 (1933) 1030. Raman Spectrum of Heavy Water. Nature 133 (1934) 106; Physical Review 45 (1934) 392. Raman Spectrum of Heavy-Water Vapor. Physical Review 45 (1934) 732. Ultra-Violet Absorption of Heavy Water Vapour. (J. Franck, co-author) Physical Review 45 (1934) 667. Comment on Paper by Langsdorf and Dullridge on Optical Rotation of Unpolarized Light. Journal of the Optical Society of America 24 (1934) 4. The Purple Gold of Tut-Ankhamun. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 20 (1934) 62- 65. Raman Spectrum of Heavy Chloroform. (D. H. Rank, co-author). Physical Review 47 (1935) 792, 48 (1935) 63. Far Ultra-Violet Absorption Spectra and Ionisation Potentials of Benzenes C6H6 and C6D6. (W. C. Price, co-author). Journal of Chemical Physics 3 (1935), 439. Raman Spectrum of Heavy Benzene C6D6. Journal of Chemical Physics 3 (1935) 444; Physical Review 48 (1935) 488. Anomalous Diffraction Gratings. Physical Review 48 (1935) 928. Fluorescence of Chlorophyll in Its Relation to Photochemical Processes in Plants and Organic Solutions. (J. Franck, co-author) Journal of Chemical Physics 4 (1936), 551. Optical and Physical Effects of High Explosives. Proceedings of the Royal Society 157 A (1936) 249. Raman Spectra of Deuteroparaldehyde and Paraldchyde. Journal of Chemical Physics 5 (1937) 287. Recent Improvements in Diffraction Gratings and Replicas. Nature 140 (1937) 723. Spectrum of the Arc in Hydrogen. (G. H. Dieke, co-author) Physical Review 53 (1938) 146. Optical Properties of Alkali Metals. (C. Lukens, co-author) Physical Review 54 (1938) 332. Negative Bands of N14-N15. (G. H. Dieke, co-author). Journal of Chemical Physics 6 (1938) 734. Nuclear Spin of N15. (G. H. Dicke, co-author). Journal of Chemical Physics Dec. 1938. Supersonics, the Science of Inaudible Sounds. The Colver Lectures, Brown University, 1939. Providence: Brown University, 1939. (Popular level book but very influential in the new science of ultrasonics.) The Negative Bands of the Heavy Nitrogen Molecule. (G. H. Dieke, co-author) Journal of Chemical Physics 8 (1940) 351. Fire-fly "Spinthariscope." Nature 144 (1939) 381. Diffraction Gratings for Astro-physical Research. Astrophysical Journal, December 1941. Animated Crystals of Proto-catechuic Acid. Journal of Chemical Physics, Dec. 1941. Improved Diffraction Gratings and Replicas. Journal of the Optical Society of America 34 (1944) 509-516. -------------- Wood, R.W. How To Tell the Birds from the Flowers, and Other Woodcuts: A manual of Flornithology for Beginners. San Francisco: Paul Elder, 1907. 25 illustrated nonsense poems, written for Wood's children, a very popular book published in 20 editions. http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/2406/cov.html Wood also wrote humorous scientific poems, including 'Contemporary Science'. Wood, R.W. The Kingdom of the Dream. Experience with Hasheesh. New York Sunday Herald, 23 September 1888. Reprinted, pp121-122, Vol. 2, William James, Principles of Psychology, N.Y.: Henry Holt, 1913. Wood, R.W. The Man Who Rocked the Earth. Serialized in the Saturday Evening Post and published, New York: Garden City, 1915. A science fiction novel, co- authored with Arthur Train. A pacifist mad scientist attempts to stop a war by threatening to use atomic disintegrating rays to tilt the earth's axis, demonstrating by stopping the rotation of the earth by several minutes. Wood, R.W. The Moon-Maker. Serialized in Cosmopolitan. Co-authored with Arthur Train as a sequel. An asteroid is headed towards Texas, and an atomic rocket is sent to explode it with ray guns, successfully projecting it to orbit the earth as a second moon. A refueling stop on the moon was illustrated by Wood using a series of photographs of models he made of lunar craters (with cutout photos of ocean divers in pressure suits), the distant earth painted on a ball, the ray gun exploding the asteroid, with backdrops of a black sky with stars. None of the photographs were used in the magazine. --------------- Wood's papers & effects are archived at Johns Hopkins and the American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr library: Robert Williams Wood papers, 1927-1942. Ms. 96. 0.4 linear ft. (1 document box). Repository, Johns Hopkins University, Special Collections, Milton S. Eisenhower Library, Baltimore, MD. Contains: small amount of correspondence (including Bart Bok letters), printed biographical material, copies of reports and proceedings from scientific societies; photographs of gratings and of the interaction of shock waves. Other Wood papers are found in the Henry Crew Papers, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, IL. Letters to A. H. Raynolds from Wood, 1925-1927, are at the International Museum of Photography, George Eastman House, Rochester, NY. ================================================ home page: http://home.europa.com/~telscope/binotele.htm