Bamberg / Askania, Busch, Erfle, Ertel, Fritsch, Merz, Reinfelder & Hertel, Repsold, Steinheil, Tremel. ====================================================== BAMBERG / ASKANIA Johann Karl Wilhelm Anton Bamberg (12 July, 1847- 04 June 1892). Father a clock maker. 1862 - 1866, apprentice Zeiss Jena, taught by Abbe. 1869-70, employee of Pistor & Martins. 1873, curator of scientific instruments for the Imperial Navy. Werkstaetten fuer Praezisions Mechanik und Optik von Carl Bamberg established in 1871, Berlin. Geodesic & astronomic instruments. 1886, Abbe purchased a Bamberg 8" f/14.7 refractor; & a 3" f/12.2 transit circle 17" in diameter, divided every 4'; installed 1891 and 1892 in the Jena observatory. Problems with 8": pier did not permit observation at meridian with some configurations; and the objective lens failed star test, was reworked & replaced with a lens made of Schott glass by amateur Max Pauly (later a Zeiss employee). Bamberg had credibility with Prussian military & was able to convince them to invest nearly half of the cost of putting Schott & Genossen into large scale glass business. 1889, 314 mm f/16.4 refractor, for public observatory of Berliner Gesellschaft Urania, now at Wilhelm-Foerster Sternwarte Berlin, restored 1997. Bamberg d. 1892, wife managed company, 1904 son Paul Bamberg joined, running Bamberg with Th. Ludewig. Transit, circa 1910, Univ. Washington, Seattle; similar at Columbia U. & Wellesley. Bamberg acquired Otto Toepfer und Sohn in 1919; Hermann Wanschaff in 1922, & Hans Heele in 1923, forming the Carl Bamberg Friedenau. 1921, joined the Centralwerkstatte Dessau to form the Askania Werke AG. Askania made meridian circles, spectrometers, Schmidt cameras, a 106cm mirror, and collimators. Transit telescope, 1923, Brera, Italy; 'split telescope', fixed eyepiece at altitude axis. http://mahler.brera.mi.astro.it/HEAVENS/MUSEO/Schede/sch32.html Motion picture cameras in the 20s & 30s. WWII: kjj code on products imported from abroad by Askania. Possibly supplied some parts to Zeiss plants. llg code for Askania- Feingetriebebau, Prag-Wolkowicz, maker of parts for vehicle transmssions, unknown if associated with Askania AG. Fork mounted 340/500/1378mm Schmidt Camera at Hoher List, near Bonn. 106.5 cm mirror for Hoher List. 50 cm reflector, 8.5 m f.l., f/17, Nasmyth mounting. Naples Observatory, Astronomical Observatory of Collurania. 1959, CIDA Observatory, Venezuela, 1000/1500/3000 Schmidt camera, 4 degree objective prism, 29 cm sq. plates. 1963, Zeiss 'took over design data of instruments previously manufactured by Askania' (Zeiss catalog 1967). Sources: Brachner, A. German nineteenth-century scientific instrument makers, in P.R. de Clercq (ed.), Nineteenth-century scientific instruments and their makers, Papers presented at the Fourth Scientific Instruments Symposium, Amsterdam 23-26 October 1984, (Leiden- Amsterdam: 1985), pp. 117-157 Feldhaus, Franz M. Carl Bamberg : Ein Rueckblick auf sein Wirken und auf die Feinmechanik. Berlin-Friedenau: Askania-Werke, 1929. Koenig, Albert and Horst Koehler. Die Fernrohre und Entfernungsmesser. Berlin: Springer, 1923. Repsold, J.A. Zur Geschichte der astronomischen Messwerkzeuge. 1908, 1914. vol. II, p75. Sky & Telescope, Feb. 1978. (CIDA) Sterne & Weltraum, articles: 1980 & 1989 on Berlin Obs.; 1963 & 1967, on large instruments & transit instrument. Collurania Observatory: http://terri1.te.astro.it/testi/instrum.txt Text from on line by Christof Plicht and Robert Ariail ====================================================== BUSCH Friedrich Emil Busch, born 06 August 1820. 1840, at work in grandfather's optical firm - possibly the oldest in Germany, in Rathenow. 1845, in charge of company. 1846, use of steam engines for lens grinding machines. 1852, building cameras. 1865, Porro prism monocular and / or binocular. 1872, becomes public AG company. Built Krimstecher, Galilean field glasses for the Crimean War. Built a short focus prismatic telescope, with a huge prism at the rear, reflecting back to a secondary prism near the lens, back through a hole bored through the primary prism, to the eyepiece. (Gleichen) 1930s, developed the standard 10 x 80, 45 degree offset, binocular used through WWII, made by many manufacturers, Busch (coded cxn) seem to have made the greatest number. In business today as Busch AG Optische Industries, Rathenow, Germany. Military contracts, including camera lenses and enlargers. Sources: Hans Seeger. Fernglaser im Wandel der Zeit. Alexander Gleichen. The Theory of Modern Optical Instruments. Text from on line by Christof Plicht and Robert Ariail. References provided by Plicht: Martin, K. Die Entstehung des Pantoscops von E. B. Photogr.Korrespondenz, 1903. Martin, K. Ueber den Anteil E. B.s an der opt. Glasindustrie in: Deutschland. Dt. Opt. Wochenschrift, 1907. Von Rohr, Moritz. Btrr. z. Geschichte des optischen Glases. Zeitschrift f. Instrumentenkunde, 1909. Weiss, E. Zur Geschichte der Rathenower opt. Industrie. Dt. Opt.Wochenschrift, 1917. Albrecht, K. Der aelteste Busch-Prismenfeldstecher', in: Dt. Opt.Wochenschrift, 1917. Albrecht, K. Die Geschichte der E.B.-AG Optische Industrie Rathenow 1800- 25. Opt. Buecherei III, 1925. ===================================================== ERFLE Heinrich Valentin Erfle, 11 April 1884, Duerkheim, - 8 April 1923, Jena. Father Heinrich Johann Erfle 1848 - 1896, mother Marie (Stolleis) Erfle 1849 - 1923. Married Ilse Rittner 1914 in Koenigshuette, one son & one daughter. Schooled in Munich, doctorate in technical science, thesis 01 August 1907. Employee of Steinheil until 1908 or 1909, when he moved to Jena. Worked in telescope & binocular departments at Zeiss, in WWI worked on submarine periscopes & gun mounted, zoom telescopes for ships. 1918, became director of the telescope dept., improved rifle sights & binocular eyepieces. Co- editor of 3rd edition, Grundzuege der Theorie der optischen Instrumente, 1924. D. April 1923 of blood poisoning after injuring himself with a fountain pen. The Erfle eyepiece was the first wide angle eyepiece, and he apparently developed several versions. Auerbach (1925) notes that Erfle invented the 70 degree eyepiece in 1917, and it was introduced in 1920. Seeger, in 'Feldstecher', writes that in November, 1921, Erfle described the eyepiece and wrote that in 1917, Zeiss made an 8 x 60 with an 8 3/4 degree field, designed by Erfle and Albert Koenig. After WWI, 3 civilian binoculars incorporated this improved field; the Deltrentis 8 x 30, Delactis 8 x 40, and later the Delturis 8 x 24, all with a field of 154m/1000m. Sources: Auerbach, Felix. The Zeiss Works. London: Foyle, 1925. Neue Deutsche Biographie, Berlin 1953ff, Vol. 4 (?) On line text from Larry Gubas; and Christof Plicht http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/c_a_plicht/NAMES.HTM Poggendorff. Biograph.-lit. Handwoerterbuch, Vol. 5, p. 344, and Vol. 6, p. 672. Schmitz, E.H. Handbuch zur Geschichte der Optik. Bonn: 1984. vol. 4A, p341. Seeger, Hans. Feldstecher: Fernglaeser im Wandel der Zeit. Seeger, Hans. Militaerische Fernglaeser und Fernrohre. ------- Erfle, H. Neue Feldstecher mit grossem Gesichtsfeld. Central-Zeitung fuer Optik und Mechanik. 43, part 33, 501 - 503 (1921) Erfle, H. Nochmals "Neue Feldstecher mit grossem Gesichtsfeld". Erwiderung auf die vorstehenden Bemerkungen von E. Arbeit. Central-Zeitung fuer Optik und Mechanik 43, part 10, 170 - 171 (1922) Erfle, H. Die ersten Weitwinkel-Feldstecher fuer den Handgebrauch. Central- Zeitung fuer Optik und Mechanik 43, part 23, 375 - 377 (1922). Erfle, H. Nochmals "Die ersten Weitwinkel-Feldstecher fuer den Handgebrauch". Central-Zeitung fuer Optik und Mechanik 43, part 28, 441. Erfle, H. chapters "Des Fernrohr", "Die Umkehrprismen'', pp585ff in: Grundzuege der Theorie der optischen Instrumente nach Abbe. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1924. Hofe, C. von. Fernrohre mit grossem Gesichtsfeld. Central-Zeitung fuer Optik und Mechanik 43, part 19, pp321-324 Hofe, C. von. Fernoptik. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth. 1911 (1st ed., 158pp), 1921 (2nd ed., 166pp), 1941 (3rd ed., 275pp). Hofe, C. von. Die ersten Weitwinkel-Feldstecher fuer den Handgebrauch. Central-Zeitung fuer Optik und Mechanik 43, part 26, p423 -------- US Patents: 1,497,294 Erfle Double Telescope, Aug 13, 1921 1,507,111 Erfle Lens System for Galilean Telescopes, 06 Dec 1923 ============================================= ERTEL Traugott Leberecht von Ertel (1778-1858). 1806, worked for Reichenbach, Utzschneider, und Liebherr (est. 1804, geodetic instruments). 1814, left that business with Reichenbach. 1821, became owner of 'T. Ertel & Sohn, Reichenbach'sches Mathematisch Mechanisches Institut' (name in 1834, when catalog listed 69 items). 1858, 100 employees. 1850 address, Karls Strasse, Munich; near to G & S Merz, also established by Reichenbach. Sons: Georg Ertel (1813-1863); Gustav Ertel (1829-1875), joined business. Gustav later owner, his son Georg an employee but left in 1876. Moritz Roehrer technical director, 1876 resigned & replaced by August Dietz (1848- 1920), employee since 1866. Meridian circle for Vanderbildt Univ., Tennessee, 1878. Transit instrument at Bucknell University, Pennsylvania. 1890, Diez purchased Ertel, used name T. Ertel & Sohn. 1911, Julius Rinnebach joined firm, incorporated as 'T. Ertel & Sohn G.m.b.H., mathematisch-mechanisches Institut fuer geodaetische und militaerwissenschaftliche Instruments'. Technical director Adolf Hahn. Other managers, Walter Preyss (1879-1942), son Carl Preyss (director in 1945, 1981 still owner & manager). 1983, Ertel operating in Puchheim, suburb of Munich, 150 employees, specializing in theodolites, no astronomical instruments, 'Ertel-Werk fuer Feinmechanik'. Sources: Lagemann, Robert. The Garland Collection of Classical Physics Apparatus at Vanderbilt University. Nashville: Folio, 1983. 317pp. Preyss, C.R. Von Reichenbachs Werkstatt zum Ertel-Werk fuer Feinmechanik, 1802-1962. Munich, 1962. ===================================================== FRITSCH Karl Fritsch. Worked in Vienna under Prokesch. Established business 1823. 1888, sold achromatic doublets to 264 mm, apochromatic triplets to 157 mm, oculars, hand telescopes, binoculars, spectroscopes. Specialized in brachytes to 320 mm (tilted component, convex primary, concave secondary). ==================================================== MERZ Georg Merz, 26 January 1793, Bichl, Bavaria - 1867. School at convent Benedikbeuern, worked with father, Anton Merz, weaver. 1808, laborer making optical glass at Optical-Mechanical Institute of Utzschneider, Fraunhofer, and Reichenbach; at Benediktbeuern. Attended Utzschneider's evening classes for workers, on instrument making. Promoted to foreman. 1807, Fraunhofer joined Utzschneider, became partner. Merz promoted to assistant to Fraunhofer, calculating lenses & optical systems, also manufacturing astronomical instruments. Fraunhofer d. 07 July 1826, Merz promoted to manager by Utzschneider, ran business with F. Joseph Mahler (1795-1845). 1835, world's largest refractor made for Univ. Munich, 28.5 cm aperture. Utzschneider d. 1838; Merz & Mahler bought business 1839, Mahler died 1845. Son Ludwig, 31 March 1816 - 16 March 1858 (typhoid fever), PhD Univ. Munich 1842, lecturer Univ. Munich until joined business 1847. Son Sigmund, born 1824, joined business 1842, in England 1845 - 1851, re-joined company 1867. Georg Merz d. 12 January 1867, left business to sons Sigmund & Ludwig. S. Merz becomes director, used engraved names ''G. & S. Merz vormals Utzschneider und Fraunhofer’ and ‘G. & S. Merz’. 1871, 63 employees at Merz. After Sigmund dies, cousins Jakob and Matthias Merz assumed business in 1883, sold it in 1903 to Paul Zschokke, former director of Steinheil. Zschokke d. 1932, company bankrupted but continued until WWII by employees Georg Tremel and August Loesch. Exhibited London 1851, Munchen 1854, Paris 1855 & 1867, Wien 1873, Nurnberg 1882, Chicago 1893, Paris 1900. (The following list incorporates varying forms of 'inches'.) --19.2 inch (49 cm), 22.7 ft. f.l., National Observatory, at Univ. Strasbourg, France. Repsold mount. Two 49 cm lenses made for Winnecke (director Strasbourg), who selected one, other went to Milan. --19.2 inch (49 cm), 22.7 ft. f.l., f./14.33, doublet, achromatised in yellow-red, circa 1882, Brera Observatory of Milan-Merate, Milan, Italy. Repsold mount. Schiaparelli used this 1893 - 1894, also used an 8.5-inch (22 cm) Merz, with a yellow filter, in work on canali of Mars. S. wrote that the first clear diffraction ring was not completely symmmetrical, but apart from this, the images were well defined. 10 inch finder scope. 1950s, objective broken during cleaning, replaced with lens from Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Florence. --19.1 inch, 1892, Manila Observatory (Jesuit), Philippine Islands; photographic / visual configurations. Destroyed in WWII. Saegmuller mount. --15.4 inch, 13.5 ft. f.l., observatory of P. Fauth, Grunwald (Munich), Germany. Merz/Schupmann. At Landstuhl, 1895-1930. --15.0 inch, 22.4 ft. f.l., Astronomical Observatory of Lisbon, Portugal. Repsold mount. --15.0 inch, 22.4 ft. f.l., Merz/Gauthier. 1880. Univ. Bordeaux, Floirac (Gironde), France. --15.0 inch, 19.7 ft. f.l., Merz/Prin. National Observatory, Bucharest, Romania. Photo-visual lens. ---15 inch, Pulkovo, 1839, Merz & Mahler. --15 inch, Harvard, ordered in 1843, installed 1847. Equatorial mount by Merz & Mahler. (Pulkovo & Harvard were the largest telescopes in the world circa 1850.) --14 inch, Bordeaux --14 inch, Odessa --12.5 inch, Cincinnati Observatory, Merz & Mahler, 1845, largest in U.S., refigured by Clarks 1876. --12 inch, Catania --9.5 inch, U.S. Naval Observatory, reworked by Clarks. --9.5 inch, Lund, Sweden, used for stellar spectra. --S. & J. Merz / Steinheil / Reinfelder & Hertel. (Two telescopes) Del nuovo Observatorio del Collegio Romano, Roma. 6 inch (?) equatorial, 1856, drive design similar to Pulkovo. 9.6 inch, 14.1 ft. f.l., 1868, used by Secci?. --7 inch, Philadelphia Central High School, circa 1837-40, equatorial, Merz & Mahler. --5.1-inch clock driven equatorial, Merz/Konkoly, Hungary. --7.5 inch heliometer for Oxford University, 1848. Merz figured, then bisected the lenses. The semi-lenses were in cylindrical slides, and separation of each half did not affect definition (Bessel's system, the alternate, mounted lenses in parallel slides, introducing aberrations as they were separated.) Scales at objective illuminated by electricity from battery through platinum wires, read by long distance microscope at ocular. --Many objective prisms, made a few compound direct vision objective prisms, but cost & limited size a problem. (with a single prism, the telescope tube can't be pointed to object.) --Merz prismatic micrometer on William Lassell's 24 inch, measured orbits of moon of Neptune, late 1840s. --Also: heliometer objectives, helioscopic eyepieces, meridian & transit circle objectives, star spectroscopes, microscopes. Sources. Ambronn, Handbuch der Astronimischen Instrumentenkunde. 1899. Anderson, Burnett, Gee. Handlist of Scientific Instrument Maker's Trade Catalogs 1600-1914. Edinburgh: Natl. Museums of Scotland,1990 Brachner, Alto. German Nineteenth-Century Scientific Instrument Makers. in Peter de Clercq, ed., Nineteenth-Century Scientific Instruments and their Makers. 1985. Brachner, Alto. Die Münchener Optik in der Geschichte: Entstehung, Unternehmungen, Sternwarten, Lokalitäten, Ausbreitung. PhD dissertation, Techn. Univ. Munich, 1986, pp. 124 ff. (Catalogue De L'exposition Collective Allemande D'Instruments D'Optique et de Mecanique de Precision (1900), Paris, 1984.) Chapman, A. The Astronomical Revolution. in 'Mobius & His Band', ed. J. Fauvel Herbst, Klaus-Dieter. Die Entwicklung des Meridiankreises 1700 - 1850. 1996. Konkoly, Praktische Anleitung Zur Anstellung Astronomischer Beobachtungen. 1883 Musto, D. A Survey of the American Observatory Movement, 1800-1850. Vistas in Astronomy, v9, ed. A. Beer, 1967. Repsold, J.A. Zur Geschichte Der Astronomischen Messwerkzeuge. 1908, 1914. Van Helden, A. Telescope Building, 1850-1900. in: General History of Astronomy, v4, ed. Gingerich. Warner & Ariail, Artists in Optics. Text from on line by Robert Ariail and Christof Plicht. ========================================================= REINFELDER & HERTEL Gottlieb Reinfelder. Pegnitz 1836 - Muenchen 1898. Wilhelm Hertel. Nuernberg 1837 - Muenchen 1893. Reinfelder established 1865, combined with Hertel 1867, made 'parallaktische Aufstellungen' with circles, clockwork, ocular apparatus. 1896, Gottlieb's son Karl (b. 1869) & Paul Zschokke became partners. 1903, became part of Merz. --Blaca, Island Brac, Croatia. Refractor 178 mm, 2065 mm f.l. --Zagreb Museum, 162.6 mm, 1951 mm f.l., missing objective, made 1901. --3 to 6 inch telescopes were made in large quantities by R & H, two illustrated on p1111 of Ambronn. They also made lenses for heliometers, p567 Sources: Ambronn, Leopold. Handbuch der Astronomischen Instrumentenkunde. Berlin: Springer. 1899. Repsold, J.A. Zur Geschichte der astronomischen Messwerkzeuge. 1908, 1914. vol. II, pp74-5. Branimir Fagarazzi, e-mail =================================================== REPSOLD Johann Georg Repsold, 19 Sept. 1770, Wremen - 14 Jan. 1830, Hamburg. Studied mathematics & technical drawing at Cuxhaven. 1795, working as river pilot, later as a port superintendent, then captain & later chief of Hamburg fire department. Business founded 1799, Hamburg, built astronomic & geodesic instruments. Repsold built private observatory in 1802-03, destroyed in Napoleonic wars, rebuilt 1822. Worked with Johann Horner, Swiss physicist / astronomer, built portable transit for Horner, collaborated in instrument design. 1818, meridian circle for Gauss at Goettingen observatory. Worked with Gauss to improve instruments & glass, Gauss built a heliotrope, adapted & produced by Repsold. 1830, Johann killed while battling a fire. Sons continued business as A. & G. Repsold: Georg 1804-1885; & Adolf Repsold, 31 Aug. 1806, Hamburg - 13 March 1871, Hamburg. 1831, nine foot transit, Edinburgh Observatory. 1833, meridian circle, Hamburg Obs. 1834, meridian circle, Pulkovo. Finished circular dividing machine begun by Johann. 1836, Karl August von Steinheil visited Repsold, worked together to produce standards for measurement, including quartz kilogram weight & glass meter; and a split telescope objective adjusted cylindrically, with scales that could be read from the objective made of platinum wires that glowed using electricity. Repsold also assisted by Friedrich Bessel, Koenigsberg Obs., 1841 meridian circle. 1838, transit, Pulkovo, design innovation using levers to compensate for axial deflection. 1841, equatorial telescope, clockwork drive, Christiania (Oslo) Obs. New system, weights to compensate errors in dec axis; fine adjustment for R.A.; microscope to read dials. 1849, heliometer for Oxford. Improvements to fire fighting equipment. Adolf worked up to chief of Hamburg fire department while running family business. 1855, new workshop. Refractor for Lisbon Obs. Equatorial for Gotha Obs. Adolf's son Johann Adolf Repsold, 3 Feb. 1838, Hamburg - 1 Sept. 1919, Hamburg. Apprentice with Repsold; one year with C.A.F. Peters at Altona Obs.; 1859, joined business; 1862, became partner. 1879, designed a spring pendulum regulator for parallactic mountings. 1890, designed a micrometer to reduce subjective effects. Author of influential works on history of astronomy, technology & biography. Adolf's son Oskar Repsold, joined company 1867, name changed to A. Repsold and Sons. Family built astronomic instruments Hamburg, Pulkova, Koenigsberg, Christiania, Oxford, Kasan, & Madrid. Sources: Brachner, Alto. German nineteenth-century scientific instrument makers. in P.R. de Clercq (ed.), Nineteenth-century scientific instruments and their makers, Papers presented at the Fourth Scientific Instruments Symposium, Amsterdam 23-26 October 1984, (Leiden- Amsterdam: 1985), p. 117-157. Kirchvogel, Paul. Repsold. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Gillispie, ed. New York: Scribner, 1970--. ----------- List of instruments by Repsold, drawn from 'Zur Geschichte der astronomischen Messwerkzeuge' by J. Repsold. Organized and published in 'Vierteljahrsschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft', P. Guthnick & H. Ludendorff, 62 Jahrgang, 1927. Leipzig: Peoschel & Trepte, 1927. I. 41 Meridiankreise [meridian circle]. 1801 Goettingen (zuerst Durchgangsinstrument); 1836 Hamburg; 1838 Pulkowo; 1841 Koenigsberg; 1840 Moskau, Kasan; 1850 Annapolis (Nav.-Sch.); 1854 Madrid; 1861 Lissabon; 1862 Lissabon, Tiflis; 1867 Cordoba; 1868 Chicago; 1871 Neapel; 1872 Kiew; 1874 Lund, Taschkent (Russ. Venuskomm.); 1877 Berlin (Hydr. Bur.); 1878 Wilhelmshaven, Coimbra; 1879 Strassburg, Bruessel, Bonn, Japan; 1881 Chicago; 1882 Madison (Washburn-Obs.); 1884 Lick-Obs.; 1885 Northfield (Carleton-Coll.), West Point (Mil. Ac.); 1886 Wien, Charkow, 1890 Quito; 1891 Muenchen; 1898 Heidelberg; 1902 Kremsmuenster, Kiel; 1908 Hamburg, La Plata; 1909 Cordoba; 1911 Santiago; 1912 Przegaliny. II. 41 Refraktoren und photographische Rohre. 1854 Haverhill; 1860 Lissabon (Marine-St.); 1865 Lissabon; 1873 Santiago, Russ. Venuskomm. (2); 1874 Russ. Venuskommission (4), Strassburg; 1875 Pulkowo; 1879 Potsdam; 1880 Strassburg, Pulkowo; 1882 Leipzig, Mailand; 1884 Pulkowo, Belkave bei Breslau, Potsdam; 1885 Leiden; 1886 fuer Kerschner, Wien; 1890 Helsingfors, Wien, Bonn, Leipzig; 1891 Pulkowo; 1892 Kiew, Upsala; 1893 Pulkowo, Taschkent; 1894 Kopenhagen; 1897 Koenigsberg; 1899 Potsdam, Bonn; 1900 Heidelberg, Moskau; 1906 Berlin; 1907 Wien; 1910 Hamburg. III. 69 Universalinstrumente. [alt azimuth instrument, astronomical theodolite ?] 1828 Leipzig (Fischer); 1839 Altona; 1842 Bernburg; 1844 Berlin, Lund; 1845 Prag, fuer Schumacher; 1846 Padua, fuer Baron Senfftenberg, Mailand; 1847 Taalsgaard; 1851 St. Petersburg (Russ. Kartendepot); 1853 Leiden; 1855 Altona; 1856 Chile; 1858 Madrid, Guadalaxara, Lissabon (Marine-Obs.); 1861 Utrecht; 1862 Madrid (2); 1863 Batavia, Norwegen (Niederl. Handelsges.), Dresden (Polytechn. Schule), Lissabon; 1865 Madrid (4); 1866 Haarlem, Odessa; 1867 Turin (2 ital. Generalstab); 1870 Stockholm; 1871 Mailand, Lissabon; 1872 New York (Lake Survey); 1877 Stockholm, Berlin (4 Landesaufn.); 1878 Lissabon (2 Polytechn. Schule), Portugal (3 Trav. Geodes.); 1880 Leiden, Haag; 1885 Lick-Obs.; 1888 Zuerich, Neufchatel, Wien; 1889 Pretoria (Geod. Survey); 1890 Pretoria (Geod. Survey); 1893 Muenchen (Internat. Erdm.); 1895 Turin (Geod. Cabin.), Haag; 1896 Utrecht; 1897 Lissabon (Trav. Geod.); 1901 Mexico (2), Christiania (Geogr. Institut); 1902 Leiden (Min. d. Col.); 1904 St. Petersburg (2 Generalstab); 1906, 1908 Leiden (Min. d. Col.); 1912 Taiping (Crown-Agents for Colonies); 1918 Leipzig (v. d. Waehl); 1919 Bergedorf. IV. 21 Theodoliten. 1835 St. Petersburg (v. Schubert); 1845 Christiania (Mil. Hochschule); 1846 Kopenhagen (Generalstab), Leipzig (W. Weber); 1850 Haag (Min. d. Col.); 1852, 1855 Madrid; 1861 San Fernando; 1866 Tiflis; 1877 Berlin (2 Landesaufnahme); 1886, 1897 Kapstadt (Geod. Survey); 1900 Berlin (Kolonialamt); 1903 London (2 Crown-Ag. for Col.); 1904 Kapstadt (2); 1906 Cairo (Surv. Dep.); 1911 London (Crown-Ag. for Col.); 1913 Australien. V. 12 Heliometer. 1848 Oxford; 1873 2 Russ. Venuskom., Kasan, Dunecht, St. Petersburg (Hel. Distanzmesser); 1882 New-Haven (Yale-College); 1886 Leipzig; 1887 Kapstadt, Goettingen; 1888 Bamberg; 1894 Wien. VI. 48 Hoehenkreise [vertical circle, azimuth circle]. 1851, 1853 (2), 1854 St. Petersburg (Karten-Dep.); 1855 Madrid (Kriegsmin.); 1856 St. Petersburg (4 Karten-Dep.); 1858, 1859, 1863 St. Petersburg (2 Karten-Dep.); 1866 Charkow, Indien (2 India-Store-Dep.); 1868 Nicolajew; 1874 St. Petersburg (Generalstab); 1875 Cambridge (2), St. Petersburg (Generalstab); 1876 Pulkowo (2), Orono (Maine-State-Coll.), Kiew; 1887 Upsala; 1889 Pulkowo; 1892 Taschkent; 1894 St. Petersburg (2 Generalstab); 1895 St. Petersburg (Generalstab, 2 Hydrogr. Amt); 1896 St. Petersburg (Generalstab); 1899 Odessa, Pulkowo; Breslau, St. Petersburg (Generalstab), Berlin (Kultusmin.); 1902 St. Petersburg (4 Generalstab), Kopenhagen; 1904 St. Petersburg (Generalstab); 1912 Moskau (3). VII. 66 Durchgangsinstrumente [transit circle]. 1801 (f. Horner); 1818 Helgoland; 1826 Kopenhagen; 1829 Hamburg; 1830 Koenigsberg; 1831 Kopenhagen, Edinburg; 1832 Altona; 1833 Upsala; 1835 Dorpat; 1838 Pulkowo (3), Schweden; 1842 Christiania; 1849 Wustrow (Nav.- Schule); 1851 Kiel; 1855 Bergen, Buenos Aires; 1859 Madrid (Geogr. Komm.); 1860 Luebeck (Nav.-Schule); 1863, 1866 Lissabon; 1868 Madrid, Lissabon, Odessa, Florenz.; 1870 Neapel, Coimbra; 1874 Madrid (2 Geogr. Inst.), Wien; 1875 Strassburg; 1877 Stockholm, Lissabon, Altona; 1878 Madrid (Geogr. Inst.); 1879 Barcelona (Com. hydr.), Strassburg; 1881 Japan, Upsala; 1884 Coimbra (Magnet. Obs.); 1885 Helsingfors, Wien; 1887 Bamberg, 1888 Lissabon (2), Turin; 1890 Berlin (Geod. Inst.); 1891 Kiel, Wien; 1896 Hamburg; 1898 Pola; 1900 Breslau; 1901 Mexico (2); 1902 Kopenhagen; 1904 Wien, Grenoble; 1906, 1907 La Plata; 1912 Lissabon (Fac. des Sc.), Porto Alegre; 1913 Manila; 1917, 1918 Berlin (Landesaufnahme). VIII. 55 Aequatoreale und parallaktische Aufstellungen [mounts]. 1836 Altona; 1837 Hamburg; 1841 Christiania; 1842 Goldberg; 1844 Altona; 1854 Haverhill; 1858 Altona; 1860 Lissabon, Gotha; 1863 Hamburg; 1865 Lissabon; 1867 Hamburg; 1870 Lissabon (4); 1871 Potsdam; 1872 Santiago; 1874 5 Dt. Ven.-Komm., Strassburg, Taschkent (Russ. Ven.-Komm.);1877 Stockholm (Ak. der Wiss.); 1879 Potsdam (Astroph. Obs.); 1880 Strassburg, Pulkowo, Leipzig (f. Engelmann); 1882 Mailand, Leipzig; 1884 Pulkowo, Belkave; 1885 Leiden, Washburn-Obs.; 1886 Wien, Lancaster (Franklin-Coll. u. Marshall- Coll.); 1889 Potsdam (Astroph. Obs.); 1890 Leipzig, Helsingfors; 1892 Kiew, Upsala; 1893 St. Petersburg (Generalstab), Pulkowo; 1894 Kopenhagen; 1897 Koenigsberg; 1899 Bonn, Potsdam (Astroph. Obs.); 1900 Moskau, Karlsruhe; 1906 Berlin; 1907 Wien; 1910 Bergedorf. IX. 53 Unpersoenliche Mikrometer. 1890 Strassburg, Berlin (Geod. Inst.); 1891 Kiel, Muenchen; 1893 Bonn; 1894 Ann Arbor; 1895 Muenchen, Kasan; 1896 Hamburg, Madison, Mailand, Pulkowo, Koenigsberg, Florenz; 1898 Pulkowo, Heidelberg, Odessa, Pola; 1900 Breslau; 1901 Mexico (2); 1902 Kiel, Kopenhagen, Kremsmuenster; 1903 Moskau, Kapstadt, Neapel; 1904 Wien (2), Grenoble; 1905 Berlin; 1906 Hamburg, La Plata; 1907 Tacubaya (Mex. Erdmess.), La Plata, Heidelberg; 1908 Pulkowo; 1909 Cordoba, Bruessel, Strassburg, Uccle; 1910 Santiago; 1911 Wien; 1912 Lissabon, Porto Alegre, Wilhelmshaven, Przegaliny, Neapel, f. Winiawski; 1913 Manila, Tacubaya (Mex. Erdmessung); 1917, 1918 Berlin (Landesaufnahme). X. 50 Plattenmesser [plate measuring]. 1874 Dt. Ven.-Komm.; 1876 Leiden; 1889 Cordoba; 1890 Kapstadt, Wien (Kuffner); 1891 Potsdam (Astroph. Obs.), Helsingfors, St. Petersburg (Ak. d. Wiss.); 1893 Koenigsberg, Pulkowo, Berlin (Ak. d. Wiss.); 1894 Upsala, Groningen, Taschkent; 1895 Kiel, Odessa; 1896 New York (Columbia-Obs.), Minneapolis, Poughkeepsie (Vassar-Coll.), Smiela (Graefin Bobrinsky); 1897 Potsdam (Astroph. Obs.), Kapstadt; 1899 Dorpat, Kapstadt, Melbourne; 1901 Moskau, Heidelberg (Astr. Obs.), Bonn; 1902 Melbourne, Kiew, Cordoba; 1903 Leiden, Berkeley, St. Petersburg (Obs. der hoeh. Frauenkurse), Pulkowo; 1905 Lick Obs.; 1906 Groningen; 1908 Ottawa, Rom (2 Specola Vaticana); 1909 Santiago; 1910 Kopenhagen; 1911 Przegaliny; 1912 Bergedorf; 1913 Cordoba, Heidelberg; 1914 Pulkowo; 1915 Bergedorf; 1916 Bergedorf (parallaktisch); 1919 Bonn. XI. 17 Niveaupruefer [level testing instrument]. 1839 Pulkowo; 1845 fuer Senfftenberg; 1852 Paris; 1855 Madrid; 1862 Paris (Com. de stat.); 1875 Strassburg; 1877 Lissabon (Polyt. Schule); 1882 Belkave; 1884 Lick-Obs.; 1887 Bamberg; 1890 Quito; 1893 Wien, Bonn; 1894 Ann Arbor; 1897 Pola (Hydrograph. Amt); 1906 La Plata; 1919 Bergedorf. XII. Pendelapparate [pendulum apparatus]. 1. 33 Reversionspendel. 1825 Koenigsberg; 1831 f. Dr. Eimbcke; 1834 Wien; 1863 Zuerich, Pulkowo, Genf; 1864 St. Petersburg (Ak. d. Wiss.); 1868 Lissabon; 1869 Berlin (Gradmessung); 1871 Goettingen; 1873 Madrid (Geogr. Inst.), Wien; 1875 Washington (Coast Survey); 1878 Madrid (Geogr. Inst.), Moskau, Haarlem (Teylers Museum); 1880 Paris (Kriegsmin.); 1881 Padua, Madrid (2 Geogr. Inst.), Genf; 1883 Wien; 1884 St. Petersburg (Generalstab), Tiflis; 1885 Wien, Potsdam (Astroph. Obs.), Muenchen (Techn. Hochschule), Budapest (Meteor. Anst.), St. Petersburg (f. Gruber); 1886 St. Petersburg (Geogr. Gesellsch.); 1893 Berlin (Geod. Inst.); 1894, 1896 Japan. 2. 24 Horizontalpendel. 1855 Altona (2 Krille); 1888 Berlin (2 Ak. d. Wiss.); 1890 2 Charkow; 1891 Halle; 1892 Nizza (2); 1896 Japan; 1897 Dorpat; 1899 St. Petersburg (Generalstab), Japan; 1901 St. Petersburg (2 Geogr. Gesellsch.), Dorpat; 1903 Dorpat (2 Paar), St. Petersburg (2 Paar Naphta-Gesellsch. Nobel). 3. 4 Kompensationspendel. 1835 London (3); 1837 Kopenhagen. 4. 1 Merkurialpendel. 1837 Kopenhagen. XIII. 11 Uhren [clocks]. 1809 Koenigsberg; 1814 Dorpat; 1818 Goettingen; ? Zuerich, Hamburg; 1868 Hamburg; 1886 Kapstadt; 1901 Potsdam (Astrophys. Obs.); 1902, 1905 London; 1905 Potsdam (Astrophys. Obs.). XIV. 13 Teilmaschinen [dividing machines]. 1. 4 Kreisteilmaschinen. 1818-35 Hamburg (f. d. eigene Werkst.); 1843 Amsterdam; 1849 Petersburg (Arsenal); 1869 Hamburg (f. d. eig. Werkst.). 2. 9 Laengenteilmaschinen. 1826 Hamburg (f. d. eig. Werkst.); 1832 Stockholm (Akad.); 1833 f. Schumacher; 1849 St. Petersburg (Arsenal); 1859 Christiania; 1866 Schwerin (Landesvermess.); 1869 Berlin (Normal-Eich.-Komm.); 1883 Madrid, Lissabon. 3. 1 Fadentraegerteilmaschine [reticle, cross hair]. 1844 Koenigsberg. XV. 9 Basismessapparate. 1820 f. Schumacher; 1832 f. Schumacher; 1852 St. Petersburg; 1867 Batavia, S' Gravenshage (Min. d. Col.); 1869 Lissabon; 1876 Detroit (Lake Survey); 1903 Japan (Geod. Com.); 1905 Christiania (Geogr. Inst.). XVI. 5 Prismenkreise [prism circles]. 1843 Goettingen, Hamburg, Kopenhagen; 1877 Pulkowo; 1879 Nicolajew. XVII. 10 Prismenrohre [prism telescopes]. 1877 Pulkowo; 1882 St. Petersburg (3 Hydr. Inst., 2 Generalstab), Lissabon; 1883 Stockholm, Hamburg (Seewarte); 1886 Potsdam. XVIII. 6 Heliotrope. 1821 (3); 1823 (3). XIX. 3 Kometensucher [comet seekers]. 1883 Odessa; 1887 Bamberg; 1900 Hamburg (Lippert). XX. 2 Heliographen. 1881 Potsdam; 1883 Potsdam (Heliographenrohr). XXI. 1 Zenitrohr. 1897 Dorpat. XXII. 4 Spektroskope. 1869, 1870 Muenchen; 1874, 1884 Pulkowo. XXIII. 1 Siderostat. 1895 Stockholm. XXIV. 1 Spektrometer. 1883 Potsdam. XXV. 6 Reflektionskreise [reflecting circles]. 1882 St. Petersburg (2 Generalstab, 3 Marineminist.), Lissabon. XXVI. 1 Refraktionsapparat. 1884 Wien. XXVII. 1 Magnetometer. 1845 Leipzig (Wilh. Weber). XXVIII. 7 Inklinatorien [magnetic dip ?]. 1839 Hamburg (Schiff- u. Hafendeputation); 1840 Goettingen; 1845 Leipzig, Prag; 1848 St. Petersburg, Kremsmuenster, Wien. XXIX. 2 Positionskreise. 1860 Altona, Hamburg. XXX. 3 Altazimuthe. 1830 Dorpat (sog. Kleiner Meridiankreis); 1873 Gotha (mit parallakt. Bewegung); 1879 Strassburg. XXXI. 28 Nivellierinstrumente (levelling instruments). XXXII. 87 Dehnungsmesser (expansion measuring instruments). =============================================== STEINHEIL Karl August von Steinheil 1801 - 1870. PhD astronomy 1825, studied with Bessel. Private observatory near Munich. 1826, small workshop business in home. 1832, professor of mathematics & physics at Munich U. 1849-52, worked in telegraph communications, & for ministry of commerce. There is a Steinheil catalog from 1847, although later trade cards & catalogs use 1855 as date of origination. Founded optical workshop for Maximilian I in 1854. Later, was conservator of collections, Bavarian Academy at Munich. 1842, invented photometer. Achromatic telescope with P.L. von Seidel. Improved silvered mirrors. Business continued by son Hugo Adolph Steinheil 1832 - 1893 PhD U. Munich; son Eduard Steinheil (1830-1878) joined in 1862. Adolph's son, Rudolph Steinheil 1865 - 1930, PhD U. Munich, joined in 1890 & became owner in 1892. 1930, Steinheil became stock company, owned by Rudolph's five daughters, acquired by Elgeet 1962. 1968, Steinheil combined with Otto Fennel, Kassel; and Lear Siegler. 1973, moved to Ismaning, near Munich, as 'Steinheil - Lear Siegler AG', specializing in geodesic instruments. Name 'Steinheil & Soehne' used before 'C.A. Steinheil Soehne'. 1855-1862 address, Werneckschloesschen in Schwabing, Munich. 1894 address, 31 Landwehrstr. Works: 7 Theresienhoho, Munich. 1900, branch at 13 rue Ste Cecile, Paris. 1890-1952 address, Auf der Theresienhoehe. 1952-1973 address, Germerscheimer Strasse. 1973-- address, Osterfeldstrasse 82, Ismaning Apprentices included Gottleib Reinfelder, Hans Georg Hertel, E. Hartmann, and H. Kraus. Showed in exhibitions of London, Paris, Wien, Nurenberg and Chicago 1855- 1900. --1849, Meridian circle (Astr. Nachr. 684, p.176). --March 24, 1856, Steinheil introduced the use of silvered mirrors for astronomy, independent of Foucault's similar work at the same time. Steinheil produced reflectors to 12 3/4 inches. --1896, 26.8 inch, f31 objective made for Archenhold Observatory in Berlin, refigured by Zeiss during post WWII rebuilding. --August 26, 1899. 80 cm / 50 cm twin tube telescope at Potsdam. 80 cm objective, 12.2 m f.l., correction optimized at 425 nm (photographic). 50 cm objective, 12.5 m f.l., optimized at 600 nm (visual). Both are crown / flint doublets of Schott glass. The 80 cm lens has chromatic aberration in zones, and astigmatism, which remains after several attempts at correction. The 50 cm was better, and was improved by Bernhard Schmidt in 1911 and 1914. Repsold mount. --1911, 1916. Hamburg Observatory, Burgdorf. Double telescope, 600 mm photographic and 600 mm visual, 9 m f.l., Repsold mount. --Berlin-Babelsberg Univ., Neubabelsberg. 15.7 inch photographic refractor, 11.8 inch visual. --Other large (12-inch +) telescopes: Berlin-Treptow; Bonn; Catinia; Copenhagen; Heidelberg; Rome; Upsala; Utrecht; and Vienna. --Prism photometer, divided objective, each half moves in the direction of the optical axis to defocus a star. A defocused bright star is as bright per unit area, as dim star that is slightly defocused, and measurement of relative movement required to equalize brightness per unit area, gives the difference in magnitude. --Steinheil designs for eyepieces including achromat, monocentric, negative (Galilean, achromat), terrestrial (4 achromats), shown in Horace Selby, Telescope Eyepieces; in Ingalls, Amateur Telescope Making vol. 3. ============ 1847 catalog, 'Mechanische Werkstaette Steinheil in Muenchen'; 58 products listed equatorial telescopes, meridian circle telescopes, theodolites, heliostats, balances, kg. weights. ============ 1894 Steinheil catalog: I. Astronomical Objectives: aplanatic, triplet, doublet (flint forward). Including a Steinheil designed cemented triplet objective, flint - crown - flint, up to 108mm. II. Oculars: astronomical, terrestrial, polarizing helioscope eyepiece. Monocentric ocular, cemented flint - crown - flint. Micrometer oculars. III. Aplanatic loupes IV. Prisms: a prisms with two surfaces polished b prisms "a reflexion a surfaces cathetiques rondes" c prisms "a reflecion a aretes vives avex surfaces cathetiques polies" V "Verres" and Mirrors plane and plane-parallel VI Telescopes. Including reading telescopes; "reduced telescopes" (short focal ratio) visual or photographic; equatorial refractors. a Spyglasses b Marine telescopes (spyglasses) c Cometseekers d School telescopes e Meridian instruments f Tube assemblies without piers g Tube assemblies on piers h Refractors i Telescopes "raccourcies pour observations" j Telescopes " " " usages photographiques" k Accessories for telescopes and piers VII Spectroscopes, etc. VIII Teaching accessories, etc. IX Diverse Optical Instruments. Including goniometers & light analysers. ============ 1907, Astronomical and Physical Instruments, C.A. Steinheil Sohne, Optical and Astronimical Works, Munich, Bavaria. 8 types of telescope objectives, triplet apochromats to 200 mm, UV doublets & triplets; four-lens aplanats. 12 designs of oculars, 20 accessories for oculars, & an ocular microscope. Pier mounted equatorial refractors, reflectors, astronomical binoculars, spectroscopes & spectrometers, prismatic circles, heliometers. "Since the decision of the Paris Congress of 1877 our works make a specialty of telescopic objectives of the largest dimensions (up to 40 inches diameter and more) for the visual and photographic observation of the heavens." Since the Hartmann test was introduced, these large objectives could be made with the "greatest exactitude". "All telescopic objectives can be supplied corrected either for the optically or chemically efficient part of the spectrum, as the purchaser may desire.... Since for astronomical purposes more usually objectives of long focus are used, with which only a comparatively small portion of the spectrum can be sharply defined at one and the same time, the summit of the colour curve must, in the case of telescopc objectives destined for photographic purposes, be located at a point of the spectrum differing from that of ordinary photographic lenses. The result is that the chemical and optical focus no longer coincide, that is to say, the location of the most sharply defined (chemical) image cannot be found with the focussing screen but must be ascertained by careful experiment. Nevertheless, in the case of short foci or of objectives destined for terrestrial photography, in consequence of the smallness of the faults or the lessened demands made on such objectives, the correction can be carried through in a manner analogus to that for ordinary photogaphic lenses." ========== Sources: The archives of the Steinheil company total about 60 boxes of papers and are found at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, XXXV, 720-4. Ambronn. Handbuch der Astronomischen Instrumentenkunde. 1899. Anderson. Handlist of Scientific Instrument-Maker's Trade Catalogs, 1600- 1914. Chambers. Handbook of Astronomy. Vol. II, Instruments and Practical Astronomy. 1889, 4th ed. de Clercq. Nineteenth-century scientific instruments and their makers. 1985. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Gillispie, ed. New York: Scribner, 1970--. Hearnshaw. The Analysis of Starlight. King, History of the Telescope. Kingslake. A History of the Photographic Lens. 1989. Koenig & Koehler, Die Fernrohre und Entfernungsmesser. Lagemann The Garland Collection of Classical Physics Apparatus at Vanderbilt U. Repsold. Zur Geschichte der Astronomischen Messwerkzeuge. 1914. Riekher. Fernrohre und ihre Meister. Text from on line by Robert Ariail and Bart Fried. ENHA No. 36, May 5, 1999 =============================================== TREMEL Georg Tremel, astro-optisch-mechanische Werkstaetten. In Fritzens-Tirol; also in Obermenzing bei Muenchen. Worked at Merz for 14 years. 1930s and 1940s. Specialized in Neo-Brachyts. Doublet objective lenses to 200 mm, 320 cm. f.l. Parabolic mirrors to 350 mm, 210 cm. f.l. Cassegrain optics. Oculars including Kellner, Mittenzwey, micrometer, terrestrial, 'polarisations-okular nach Fauth'. Prisms, flats. Telescopes, equatorial mounts, weight driven clock drives. Spectroscopes. ========================================== updated 11 Sept. 2000 home page: http://www.europa.com/~telscope/binotele.htm